Each research roves around the P value. A value less than 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant. Very few researchers are aware of the history, real-world significance, statistical insight, and in-depth criticism about this monumental alphabet of research. This article will provide detailed insight into the most common molecule of research which will be rewarding for the young students and researchers in the primary world of research. It is not a simple value; it is the longest and broadest description of research squeezed to a number for the ground level worker to the principal investigator. The present review will provide a detailed and unique insight into the P value which would be rewarding for the primary care physicians toward translating research into their clinical practice.

Background: The household is considered as a private area that is untouched tobacco control policies in developing countries, especially in Indonesia, which has not ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) treaty. Objectives: This study aims to identify smoking behavior and expenditure on cigarettes in the household, which are part of the initiation of a policy including a smoke-free home, so it assumes that the home is a public domain in Tegal Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Methods: This research is an observational study with a quantitative descriptive design. A total of 225 subjects in the seven regions designated as smoke-free areas were all selected as samples in this study and were willing to be the subject of research. Results: The results found that 76.1% of smokers smoked with their nuclear family (wife/children/husband) present. Smoking behavior with the nuclear family inside the home (39.13%) and outside the home (36.96%) was more common than not smoking with the nuclear family. Expenditure for cigarettes per month was one-third of household revenue (IDR 607,521.74) based on the regency minimum wage (UMR) set by the local government. Conclusions: The study concludes that smokers who smoke with family still lack knowledge on smoking's impact on health and household economics. The smoke-free regulation that is initiated should include households as a parameter.

In December 2019, an unusual form of pneumonia of unknown origin was identified in Wuhan and soon expanded into an intercontinental pandemic that affected nations all over the world. The unusual pneumonia was subsequently named COVID-19. The management of COVID-19 disease has been highly dependent on the early identification of patients who are positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. For detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in upper or lower respiratory tracts, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend strategic sampling approaches. Most countries collect nasopharyngeal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs for rapid viral testing by experienced healthcare workers. Due to the increase in single-day cases, the high cost of RT-PCR, and the requirement for greater coverage in order to detect COVID-19 infections, the screening method has been changed to the Rapid Antigen Test during this phase of the pandemic in India. Considering the limited sensitivity of the fast antigen test compared to the sputum test, and the benefit of having additional resources available from an already established TB network, policymakers should consider implementing COVID-19 with sputum testing. For India, which has 1.3 billion people and limited resources, contemplating a community level sample collection of COVID-19 samples will be an effective decision if scientific data is used for this purpose will be an effective choice for the country with more than 1.3 billion population and limited resources.

We describe a visual algorithm to help prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contagion as well as manage COVID-19 disease according to categories of clinical severity. The algorithm is timely, with multiple countries worldwide declaring repeat surges in SARS-CoV-2 infections following the easing of lockdown measures. Its flowchart assimilates key effective interventions in a visual manner that will assist healthcare workers to manage COVID-19 disease algorithmically, and policymakers to suppress further SARS-CoV-2 waves. Importantly, we include the innovative use of topical p-menthane-3,8-diol spray by the British Army for COVID-19 Support Force personnel, which in light of its coronavirucidal properties, deserves wider dissemination. This algorithm has the potential to be updated as numerous studies are concluded globally.

Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is the most discussed subject in medical researches worldwide. As the knowledge is expanded about the disease, more hypotheses become created. A recent study on the viral protein interaction map revealed that SARS-CoV-2 open reading frame 8 (ORF8) interacts with human DNA methyl transferase1 (DNMT1), an active epigenetic agent in DNA methylation. Moreover, DNMT1 is a contributor to a variety of chronic diseases which could cause some epigenetic dysregulation in infected cells, especially leukocytes, pancreatic beta, and endothelial cells. Regarding the fact that epigenetic alterations have a partial, but not completely reversible phenomena, it raises the question that if this interaction may cause long-term complications such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, long follow-up studies on the recovered patients from COVID-19 are recommended.

Relative internet search volumes (RSV) is now being consider as a measurement of awareness for most of the trending topics. During the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, many researchers used the RSVs to interpret the population responses to the pandemic in various ways. By using the RSVs searched by Persian language people, we demonstrated that the Iranian people increased their knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 during the early phases of the disease before the first peak. However, their relative searches about the COVID-19 and its clinical symptoms decreased gradually despite of the gradual rise of the confirmed cases. Their less tendency to seek information about the COVID-19 could be one of the possible explanation for the increasing number of confirmed cases even several days after easing the disease related lockdown.

Background: Considering the importance of adolescent obesity on adulthood health, this cross-sectional study aimed 408 students aged 13-18 years from different socioeconomic districts through convenience sampling to investigate nutritional status and physical activity (PA) level focusing on sex and socioeconomic differences. Methods: Weight and height were measured to investigate prevalence of obesity and underweight based on percentile of body mass index (BMI) for age. Information on dietary intake were collected via 3-day food recalls. PA level was investigated using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity were 4.9%, 15.9% and 23%, respectively. Weight and height were higher in boys than girls significantly (P-value < 0.001). Calorie intake in prosperous districts was higher than semi-prosperous districts (P = 0.01). Intake of zinc and calcium in prosperous districts was higher than semi-prosperous and disadvantaged districts (P-value < 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). Intake of calcium and zinc in both sexes and iron in girls, was lower than recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in all districts (P-value < 0.001). Conclusions: High prevalence of obesity and low micronutrients intake, especially in disadvantaged districts, suggest an urgent need to plan many efficient programs to prevent serious problems in future.

Background and Aim: Lifestyle changes are associated with an increased incidence of stroke especially in young adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lifestyle of ischemic stroke cases under the age of 50 years. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on young adults with ischemic stroke who were admitted to some hospitals, Tehran, Iran between 2018 and 2019. Total lifestyle information collected in the form then was compared in males and females. Results: Totally 11% ischemic stroke was under age 50 years. 60.7% of young adult patients were men. There was significant difference between body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03), type of job (P = 0.04), physical activity (P = 0.02), fruit and vegetables consumption, and gender of patients (P = 0.02). Conclusion: According to the association between inappropriate lifestyle and ischemic stroke in young adults, it is recommended to set preventive medicine and health promotion units with insurance coverage in all clinics for risk assessment of stroke in healthy general population specialty young adults.

Background: Patient's post-COVID may develop chronic irreversible respiratory failure with “widespread signs of pulmonary fibrosis.” Our study analyzed the causes of this fibrosis to propose a therapeutic protocol. Methods: Identification of the biochemical causes of fibrosis in COVID-19 analysing the literature and chest CT. Results: The CT imaging shows pulmonary fibrosis. The viral infection produces “interleukin-6”, which binds to its receptor, in MUC1 of lung epithelial cells. The biochemical response of the cells promotes an over-expression of MUC1 with fibrosis. Interleukin6 also causes a metabolic imbalance in NO that promotes clots and atherosclerosis of the pulmonary vessels. These results show to promote NO endothelia's formation to block both the excessive expression of MUC1 and the atherosclerosis effect of the vessels. Conclusions: This study proposes to inhibit phosphodiesterase by vasodilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed and the MUC1 over expression by interleukin6, the Sildenafil with the SGLT2 and N-Acetylcysteine.

Background: The ABILOCO is a questionnaire assessing and measuring the locomotion ability to perform activities daily living from easy to hard in stroke patients. Methods: The ABILOCO was translated into Persian and retranslated into English. Forty hemiplegic stroke patients with an average age (60 ± 7.5 years) participated in the study. The participants were interviewed using ABILOCO and were assessed by the interviewer and observer. The total logit score of the participants was also assessed by using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The results were showed the high correlation between the first interview of interviewer and the observer (ICC = 0.8, P < 0.05). In addition, a strong relationship was observed between the interviewer's first and second interviews after a week (ICC = 0.85, P < 0.05). Conclusions: The Persian edition of ABILOCO is reliable to assess walking ability of stroke patients in clinics and studies.

Background: After the last outbreak of wild polio infection in Baghdad, April 2014, the Iraqi response to the outbreak was activated through solid surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) case detection in all governorates to interrupt the circulation of poliovirus in addition to the strengthening of Expanded Program on Immunization. This response to the last outbreak has to be evaluated independently to ensure effective mopping and surveillance to stop further outbreak all over the country including the holy province Karbala. We aimed to evaluate the response to the last polio outbreak by evaluating surveillance activities of acute flaccid paralysis cases whether they meet the recommended standards. Methods: Observational evaluation study conducted through August 15–25, 2015. Checking of Acute Flaccid Paralysis surveillance (AFP) activity through detection of nonPolio acute flaccid paralysis rate and immediate reporting with adequate stool sampling, and 60 days follow-up examination four districts of the province. The reviewing checked whether the surveillance system in Karbala met the global standards required for stopping wild poliovirus circulation. The evaluation included immunization coverage rates and active National Immunization days of oral polio vaccine campaigns. Results: During the period of review, the core surveillance indicators in Karbala met the globally set standards. Percent of acute flaccid paralysis cases with specimens reached to the reference laboratory within 3 days was 100%. Nonpolio cases was 4.2 per 100000 population under 15 years of age through week 33 of the year 2015. Eleven AFP cases were reported from all districts of Karbala among Population of children under 15 years of age. The percentage of cases with adequate specimens was 100% in 2015 versus 93% in 2014. The percent of AFP Cases notified within 7 days of paralysis onset (during first 33 weeks) was 100% in 2015 versus 87% in 2014. Conclusions: As Karbala response to polio outbreak met the target global indicators and standards of polio surveillance. The circulation of the virus in this locality was interrupted and further transmission of the disease is unlikely.

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a biochemical disease which is characterized by elevated serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal thyroid hormone levels. In an attempt to correct the disease at its entry point, we wished to find out the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism in female college students in Kumbakonam, a semiurban town of India. Methods: Around 260 female college students who had no history of thyroid disease were screened for thyroid dysfunction by a TSH assay. Results: The mean age ± standard deviation was 18.72 ± 2.27 years. The mean TSH value was 3.98 mIU/mL. The incidence of abnormally high TSH values was around 11.5%. The number of such cases was 30 with low T3 values in six students. One had a value of 150 with no symptoms. Another student had a value of 0.15 and her T3-T4 profile was normal. All students were asymptomatic. None of the students had goiter.Conclusions: In an unpublished but accepted study, we found an incidence of 3.5% in the school female children in the age group of 15–17. A sudden jump in the incidence is occurring in the age group of 18–22. This needs a workup of the causative factors and their possible correction.

Backgound: Bacterial or viral infections often cause acute and severe systemic inflammation, which affects the lungs lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogenic component of the membrane of gram-negative bacteria, stimulates active innate immune cells, monocytes, macrophages to produce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Excess production of this compound occurs in COVID-19 resulting in inflammatory cascade and thromboembolism. We intend to propose the use of sildenafil to reduce this production. Method: The analysis of biochemical pathways shows that viral infection produces a high amount of nitric oxide (NO), with an acute inflammatory process. Results: In the case of COVID-19 infection we verified that numerous biochemical processes activate a cascade of inflammatory processes through the activation of iNOS with uncontrolled generation of (NO). Conclusions: iNOS is the cause of damage to host cells with a consequent pulmonary thromboembolic lung phenomenon in a contest of interstitial pneumonia. This study proposes the use of sildenafil to counter the inflammatory cascade and thromboembolic episodes.

Coronaviruses (CoV) are RNA viruses that cause endemic infections in various species of mammals and avian birds. There are seven known human CoVs, each of which causes respiratory diseases: together account for about one third of common colds. Some CoVs have recently entered humans from infected animals and lastly we have SARS COVID-19, (CoV), which causes severe acute, often fatal respiratory syndromes. The prevalence of CoV, the easy zoonotic transmission and the potential to cause serious respiratory diseases, lead to urgent research to discover the mechanisms of CoV infection. Our study has identified a possible way to eliminate the danger of this virus by analyzing the structures by which it enters the host cell. This study indicates that the neuroaminidase interrupts the infection.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of home-based education intervention on the exclusivity and promoting the rates of self-efficacy of breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted Arak University of Medical Sciences in Takeghani Hospital in Iran between June 2015 and October 2015. A total of 130 eligible and voluntary women hospitalized in Arak University of Medical Sciences Hospital postpartum wards were randomized to receive usual care (n = 65) or education with CD and pamphlets (n = 65). Data regarding exclusive breastfeeding were collected using Denis and Fox's breastfeeding self-efficacy questionnaire. The primary outcome was collected by one assistant researcher during first postpartum visit. The secondary outcome was collected 4 weeks after birth of babies by telephone interviews. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (frequency, mean), independent samples t-test, Student's t-test, t^[2]-test, and Chi-square test. All values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant differences between the intervention and control groups with regard to age (P = 0.086) and gestational age (P = 0.741). The breastfeeding self-efficacy scores were higher in the intervention group (63.66 ± 6.11) than in the control group (57.04 ± 6.18) after 1 month of childbirth (P = 0.001). The exclusive breastfeeding rate in intervention group was 89.2 (n = 58) at 1^st month after education compared with 55.4% (n = 36) in control group (P = 0.001). Conclusions: In a setting, a high breastfeeding rate and self-efficacy scores were found in education group. Therefore, nurses and midwives are thus required to adopt various health education strategies, such as home education, encourage breastfeeding.

Background: The results of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study (ShECS) showed a high 5-year incidence of diabetes mellitus with female predominance in 40–64 years old Iranian population. The aim of this report was to decompose the observed sex differences in the incidence of diabetes. Methods: Sex-specific incidence rate of diabetes was calculated between the two phases of ShECS (2009–2014). The gap decomposition was done by the twofold Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition model. Results: The results showed that from the total gap (11.19%–15.55% = −4.36%) between the two sexes, 3.46% which forms 79.4% of the total gap is related to the difference in obesity in both genders. In contrast to obesity, age and overweigh status had a decreasing influence on gender inequality. Conclusions: Obesity of Iranian women compared with men is the most important reason for an increase in the incidence of diabetes in women.

Background: Early diagnosis of asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) is presently targeted in preventive cardiology. A positive family history though not modifiable can provide a window of opportunity for intervening on modifiable risk factors. We assessed the prevalence of risk factors among the family members of suspected CAD patients and estimated their 10 years CAD risk. Methods: In a hospital-based cross-sectional study, socio-demographic, personal data and blood samples for total and HDL cholesterol were collected. The risk of having a heart attack in the next 10 years was calculated using Framingham Risk Score. Results: The mean age of participants (n = 60) was 40.55 ± 1.78 years. 85% were physically inactive. Smoking (13%), alcohol use (12%), history of CAD (2%), HTN (12%) and diabetes (22%) were the observed risk factors. A family history of CAD at <40 years of age was reported by 7% of subjects. Prevalence of overweight was 21% and 11% were obese. Increased waist-hip ratio (43%), diabetes (22%), hypercholesterolemia (28%), reduced HDL Cholesterol (48%) were other prevalent risk factors. Risk of CAD of >1% in the next 10 years was noted among 60% of subjects. Conclusions: Window of opportunity for secondary prevention exists among the family members of suspected CAD.

Background: Mobile phone dependency is an emerging public health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between general health and mobile phone dependency in college students. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 334 students from Arak University of Medical Sciences of Iran were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected by (1) demographic checklist, (2) 27-item Mobile Phone Problem Usage Scale, and (3) General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). Results: Mean scores of mobile phone dependency and GHQ-28 were 119.83 ± 43.53 and 23.73 ± 12.77, respectively. In multiple linear regression, age, family economic status, anxiety and sleep disorder, and social dysfunction were the main significant predictors of mobile phone dependency (R = 0.469, R² = 0.220, adjusted R² = 0.203). Conclusions: Based on the finding of this study, prevention strategies for management of mobile phone use in students can be adopted.

Background: Chronic kidney disease associated with serious morbidity and mortality rate while it is affected by renin-angiotensin system. The effects of losartan as angiotensin II Type 1 receptor antagonist on renal functional in 4/6 nephrectomized rats was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-six male and female Wistar rats underwent 4/6 nephrectomy, and the animals from each gender were randomly divided into two groups which treated with vehicle and losartan (10 mg/kg/day for 1 week). The parameters related to kidney function were measured. Results: Creatinine (Cr) clearance and urine flow were improved in losartan-treated group significantly (P < 0.05). The serum level of blood urea nitrogen and Cr and kidney tissue damage score and sodium urinary output (U_NaV) did not alter. However, losartan decreased percentage of sodium excretion (E_Na%) in both genders insignificantly. Conclusions: Losartan may improve renal function in 4/6 nephrectomized male rats.

Background: Women are the first victims in most of social damages and corruptions. However, due to some social and cultural reasons, the most of the drug addiction studies in Iran target male population. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the pattern of substance abuse and prevalence of HIV and hepatitis risk factors among addicted women. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on women referred to methadone maintenance treatment centers of Western Iran (Kermanshah province). Data were collected through interview by a psychologist who is working full time in the centers. Results: A total of 138 addicted women were studied. Among whom, 50 individuals were aged >45 years old (36.2%), 135 individuals (97.8%) had a history of substance abuse in their family, and 66 individuals (40.5%) initiated drug use before age 20. The most common substances were opium and crack with a proportion of 76.8% and 9.4%, respectively. Prevalence of positive HIV and hepatitis B among addicted women were 18.8% (26 persons) and 5.0% (7persons), respectively. Three (2.1%) of addicted women with HIV also had HBV. The most commonly HIV transmission were drug injections (30.7%) and unprotected sex (11.5%). Conclusions: Although women do not constitute a significant part of substance abuse, increasing trend of women addiction, on one hand, and high prevalence of risk factors related to HIV or hepatitis in women, on the other hand; show that officials and experts are required to seriously consider prevention and harm reduction programs for women.

Background: India had highest number of under-five deaths, 1.2 million deaths out of 5.9 million (2015). As per the results from the first phase of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–2016, under-five mortality rate was highest in rural area of Madhya Pradesh (MP), 69/1000 live birth as compared to urban areas, 52/1000 live birth. The objective of the study was to identify potentially high-risk districts (HRD). Methods: This study was carried out from the secondary data of 50 districts of MP State which was available from NFHS-4 with information from 49,164 households. Scoring method was used to identify HRD by comparing variables related to maternal and child health care of rural MP with rural Tamil Nadu. Results: Eleven HRDs were identified with poor maternal and child health care along with high women's illiteracy and high percentage of child marriages in women. Indore division had 3 topmost HRD, Alirajpur, Jhabua, and Barwani followed by Rewa division with 2, Singrauli and Sidhi along with Sagar division. Conclusions: HRDs should be considered for targeted interventions using the strategies for reducing under-five mortality rate in rural MP.

Introduction: This study evaluated the effects of geranium aromatherapy massage on premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Methods: A total of 120 female students with diagnosed PMS were randomly divided into three groups as control group, aromatherapy massage group, and massage group. Essential oil of geranium 2% in almond oil and sweet almond oil were used in aromatherapy massage group and massage group, respectively. Aromatherapy massage protocol was run for 8 weeks. Results: The study revealed that aromatherapy massage decreased the PMS physical and mental symptoms and massage therapy decreased the PMS physical and mental symptoms too (P < 0.001); however, this decrease was more in aromatherapy massage group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study recommends aromatherapy massage, as a complementary treatment, to improve PMS.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. A decline in deaths caused by CRC has been largely attributable to screening and prompt treatment. Motivation, shown to influence cancer-related screening and treatment decisions, can be shaped by information from the Internet. The extent to which this information is easily readable on cancer-related websites is not known. The purpose of this study was to assess the readability levels of CRC information on 100 websites. Methods: Using methods from a prior study, the keyword, “colorectal cancer,” was searched on a cleared Internet browser. Scores for each website (n = 100) were generated using five commonly recommended readability tests. Results: All five tests demonstrated difficult readability for the majority of the websites. Conclusions: Online information related to CRC is difficult to read and highlights the need for developing cancer-related online material that is understandable to a wider audience.

Background: Women play a central role in the health of the whole family, but they are faced with more barriers while taking part in physical activities. Methods: This study was composed of two main phases. In the first phase, the status of physical activity among young and adolescent in Iran and global evidence of effective interventions were searched. In the second phase, Focused Group Discussion (FGD) sessions were held with the key stakeholders in Tehran to investigate the results obtained from the first phase. Results: Physical activity among young and adolescent in Iran is inadequate. Based on the results obtained from the evidence and analysis of the FGDs, solutions defined as supporting policies, supporting environment, and supporting programs for physical activities. Conclusions: Multilevel cooperation among schools, families, and society is necessary to develop and implement policies and supporting programs, with an emphasis on combined interventions.

Background: Tendency toward addiction is provided before drug use begins. The present study aimed to identify the risk factors for addiction potential in the students of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study among 305 students from Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2016. We selected the students by stratified random sampling and collected the data by family and sociodemographic factors questionnaires and Addiction Potential Scale. Results: Male students, students with low economic status and high family members were more prone to addiction. We identified variable; addiction in close friends, adverse family conditions (dispute with the family), poor economic condition of families, and family size by controlling the effect of other variables, as risk factors for addiction potential. Conclusions: Preventive and intervention actions appear necessary considering the mentioned factors.

Background: A large number of epidemiological studies from different geographical regions showed a considerable relationship between low birth weight (LBW) and adverse health effects later in life. This study aims to assess the birth weight (BW) as a cardio metabolic risk factor in Iranian adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 12-year-old students from different areas of Rasht, North Iran. Data were collected by a questionnaire including variables as birth height, BW, gestational age, blood pressure, and laboratory tests including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and insulin level. Data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Overall, 858 adolescents participated in this study. Results showed significant correlation between BW and abdominal circumference, hip circumference, total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C (P = 0.064, 0.194, 0.224, 0.017, and 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: The study findings on the correlation between BW and cardio metabolic factors might serve as confirmatory evidence on the association of LBW with future cardio metabolic disorders.

Background: Identification of food with lowering cholesterol level properties plays a vital role to control impaired lipid profile among type 2 diabetic patients. the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of yogurt and yogurt plus shallot intake on lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic women. Methods: Forty-eight participants with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. Participants in the first group (n = 22) received 150 ml of low-fat yogurt (1.5% fat) and those in the second group (n = 26) received 150 ml of low-fat yogurt (1.5% fat) plus shallot for 10 weeks. Serum triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured before and after each intervention. Results: comparison of parameters between two groups after intervention showed that TG and TC concentrations decreased more in participants who consumed yogurt plus shallot than who consumed yogurt (P = 0.003 and P = 0.04, respectively), also LDL-C level of participants who were in yogurt plus shallot group was lower than that of participants in yogurt group, but this difference was marginally significant (P = 0.06). However, FBS level was not statistically different between two groups. Conclusions: This study found that yogurt plus shallot intake significantly decreased LDL-C, TG, and TC levels in diabetic women compared with yogurt intake.

Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are an emerging threat to public health and are difficult to detect. To prevent DDIs and their burden, the possible DDIs should be kept in mind. We know that the obesity predisposes to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, combinational uses of antiobesity drugs and glucose-lowering drugs are very common. As the hepatotoxicity of both pioglitazone (an antidiabetic drug) and orlistat (an antiobesity drug) has been shown in some cases, the aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of pioglitazone and orlistat in human hepatocellular cell line human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells to determine their effect on liver toxicity. Methods: Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with 25 μM Pioglitazon (Pio), 20 μM Orlistat (Orl) pioglitazone, orlistat or combination of them. The MTT assay was used to assess cell viability. Results: Pioglitazone and orlistat combination caused a loss of HepG2 cell viability. While pioglitazone (25 μM) and orliatat (20 μM) alone decreased the cell viability around 91% and 85% respectively (notsignificant, P > 0.05), the combination of these two drugs reduced the amount of viable cells to 55% which was significant when compared with each drug alone (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Revealing the significant loss of viability of HepG2 cells in the combination use of pioglitazone and orlistat indicates these two drugs should not be administered at the same time to prevent their hepatotoxic effects especially in patients with liver dysfunction.