|
 
 |
| REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 7
| Issue : 1 | Page : 7 |
|
Health promotion methods for smoking prevention and cessation: A comprehensive review of effectiveness and the way forward
Mahaveer Golechha
Indian Institute of Public Health-Gandhinagar, India, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| Date of Submission | 13-Nov-2014 |
| Date of Acceptance | 30-Jun-2015 |
| Date of Web Publication | 11-Jan-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
Mahaveer Golechha
Indian Institute of Public Health-Gandhinagar, India, Public Health Foundation of India
 Source of Support: This work was supported by a Welcome
Trust Capacity Strengthening Strategic Award to the Public
Health Foundation of India and a consortium of UK universities,, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.173797
Tobacco smoking is one of the greatest causes of mortality in the world, responsible for over 5 million deaths per annum. The prevalence of smoking is over 1 billion people, with the majority coming from low or middle income countries. Yet, the incidence of smoking varies vastly between many countries. Some countries have been able to decline the smoking and tobacco related morbidity and mortality through the introduction of health promotion initiatives and effective policies in order to combat tobacco usage. However, on the other hand, in some countries, the incidence of smoking is increasing still further. With the growing body of evidence of detriment of tobacco to health, many control policies have been implemented as health promotion actions. Such methods include taxation of smoking, mass advertising campaigns in the media, peer education programs, community mobilization, motivational interviewing, health warnings on tobacco products, marketing restrictions, and banning smoking in public places. However, the review of the effectiveness of various health promotion methods used for smoking prevention and cessation is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review is to identify and critically review the effectiveness of health promotion methods used for smoking prevention and cessation. All available studies and reports published were considered. Searches were conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, Karger, ProQuest, Sage Journals, Science Direct, Springer, Taylor and Francis, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane and Wiley Online Library. Various relevant search terms and keywords were used. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 23 articles for the present review. Keywords: Health promotion, preventable deaths, smoking, tobacco
How to cite this article:
Golechha M. Health promotion methods for smoking prevention and cessation: A comprehensive review of effectiveness and the way forward. Int J Prev Med 2016;7:7 |
How to cite this URL:
Golechha M. Health promotion methods for smoking prevention and cessation: A comprehensive review of effectiveness and the way forward. Int J Prev Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 May 29];7:7. Available from: https://www.ijpvmjournal.net/text.asp?2016/7/1/7/173797 |
| Introduction | |  |
Smoking is a serious public health challenge across the world. It has assumed the dimension of an epidemic resulting in enormous disability, disease, and death. [1] The tobacco use attributed to more than 5 million preventable deaths every year globally. [2] Further, at the present rate, the number of such deaths is expected to double by 2020. The tobacco use not only detrimental to personal health but also results in severe societal costs such as reduced productivity and health care burden, poverty of the families, and environmental damage. Ample body of evidence available to infer causal relationship between smoking and vascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, subclinical atherosclerosis and stroke, respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer at ten sites. [3] Despite the serious health risks, a considerable number of people across the world continue to smoke. It is well recognized that overall mortality rates for cigarette smokers are 60-80% higher than for nonsmokers. [4] The degree of devastation brought to bear upon the individual and society outstrips the returns generated by tobacco production and consumption in terms of revenue and employment. As awareness of the dangers posed by tobacco spread, countries across the globe resolved to forge a campaign strategy and frame a battle plan to overcome the tobacco threat.
Health promotion is pivotal in the drive to reduce the growing burden of chronic disease worldwide due to tobacco and particularly smoking. Comprehensive and active awareness of the population through the health promotion strategies are the primary tools for smoking prevention and cessation. Public education is an integral part of the efforts to both prevent the initiation of smoking use and encourage smoking cessation. Increased health promotion efforts about the detrimental health effects from smoking use may result in higher levels of knowledge about the harms of smoking and this in turn could increase quit intentions and subsequent quitting among users. By increasing their knowledge about smoking cessation methods, health professionals can support and encourage the large majority of smokers who want to quit.
Several health promotion methods are being used for smoking prevention and cessation. Evaluation of some of the health promotion intervention studies has shown a positive impact on the reduction in smoking prevalence. However, studies showing the effectiveness of various methods are lacking. Therefore, the present review was carried out to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of important health promotion methods used for smoking prevention and cessation.
| Methods | | |
To obtain all related studies, we searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, Karger, ProQuest, Sage Journals, Science Direct, Springer, Taylor and Francis, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane and Wiley Online Library. The search terms were "smoking cessation," "smoking prevention," "health promotion methods for smoking cessation," "health promotion methods for smoking prevention," "Cochrane" and smoking cessation/prevention."
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
We included all available population-based studies including local, subnational studies and national studies, which were related to single health promotion method used for smoking cessation and prevention. We excluded studies which involved multiple health promotion methods for smoking cessation and prevention.
Data extraction
Data were collected according to a standard protocol by the author and reviewed by an independent reviewer. The disagreement was resolved by discussion between them. In cases could not reach a consensus, a third reviewer was consulted. The extracted information from the literature included the name of the first author, the year of publication, the study region, type of study (local study or survey), type of health promotion method used, total sample size, age and sex groups, urban/rural areas, and the effectiveness of the health promotion method. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 23 articles.
Peer education
Peer education "involves sharing of information in small groups or one to one by a peer matched either demographically or through risky behavior to the target population." [5] The theoretical basis of peer education method can primarily be derived from behavioral theories relating to health, theory of participatory education, Information, Motivation, Behavioral skills, and Resources model and developmental theory.
Effectiveness
A Stop Smoking in Schools Trial (ASSIST) program assessed the effectiveness of a peer-led intervention that aimed to prevent smoking uptake in secondary schools. The study has shown that the ASSIST training program was effective in the achievement of a sustained reduction in uptake of regular smoking in adolescents for 2 years after its delivery. Furthermore, it was well received by both students and school staff. [6] Further, the multilevel modeling showed a 22% reduction (odds ratio: 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.96]) in the odds of being a regular smoker in an intervention school compared with a control school, with the 95% of CIs not including a null effect. [6] Pooled results from 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used experimental smoking as the main outcome also found that peer education interventions could be marginally effective in preventing smoking uptake. [7] Resnicow et al., reported that the programs based on peer training model produced a net change of 6% in the smoking habit relative to the 3% change brought about by other models (harm minimization, and life skills training) among the South African high school students. [8] Prince compared a six-session peer-led smoking intervention program for high school youth to the same program led by the adults. Self-efficacy was measured post- and follow-up. [9] The significant reduction in a number of cigarettes smoked was found in both peer- and adult-led groups when compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was a continuous reduction in smoking both treatment groups at the 1-month follow-up measure.
Although the peer education has proven efficacy one must consider relevant factors before its implementation. These include selection, training, supervision, type of intervention, and the relationship between peer educators and peer educated. It is important to have the right environment and motivated peer educators for successful implementation.
Theatre in health promotion
For health promotion, the theater is an effective platform to create awareness and disseminate messages related to good health. The theater provides an interesting strategy as the audience is whole heartedly involved and encouraging the actor. The actor, who is integral to the dramatic narrative, explores the chosen topic as a relationship between facts and fiction. [10] The theater method premised upon the drama theories and social cognitive theory, which recognizes the human behavior as an interaction between the individual aspects, behavior, and the context. [11]
Effectiveness
Thrush et al., in their study divided 24 primary schools into 3 groups, a theater in education intervention group, a school smoking policy intervention group and a control group. The results showed that there was a weak positive effect on the boys but none of the girls in the intervention group. [12] The theater production 2 Smart 2 Smoke and accompanying activities showed a significant impact on psychosocial risk factors for smoking among students in grades 1-3 and grades 4-6. The percentage of students who told that they would "never smoke a cigarette" increased by 10% following play intervention. [13]
While theater could possibly be a vehicle for long-term change, it still remains to be seen if the positive results can be elicited for those concentrating on promotion of nonsmoking habit. It is important that the content is assessed on a professional level, and the intervention be made as scientific as possible.
Media advocacy
Media advocacy is to frame an issue well and advocate that issue using the media as a platform. Information is disseminated through the media with a view to alter public mind or change their views. [14] Media advocacy needs to be based on the solid principles of planning. Media advocacy planning used "GOTME" approach: Goal, objective, target, message, and evaluation. [14]
Effectiveness
Media advocacy was used in many health promotion interventions and it is particularly concerned with significant environmental and policy change. The Project Tobacco Reduction Using Effective Strategies and Teamwork involved the media advocacy and the retailer were rewarded with positive newspaper coverage for compiling the underage laws for selling tobacco products, whereas those who did not were "named and shamed." [15] The impact of the project was significant on smoking prevention. Niederdeppe et al., assessed the impact of media advocacy activities on news coverage, policy changes, and reductions in youth smoking implemented by the Florida Tobacco Control Program. They demonstrated a significant decrease in volume of program-related news coverage after the onset of media advocacy initiatives, but the ratio of coverage about students working against tobacco relative to other topics increased. Because of news coverage, there was a passage of tobacco product placement ordinances in Florida counties, but these ordinances did not significantly reduce the prevalence of smoking among the youth. [16]
Media advocacy can be looked at as a tool in the broader policy implementation. It can help provide a platform to raise policy related issues. Further studies to see its effectiveness needs to be done. The use of media as an advocacy tool must be conceived and developed only in the context of other approaches such as community organizing, coalition building, and policy advocacy.
Community mobilization
Community mobilization is aimed at inducing a change of normal social norms from the utility of various intricate interventions to help raise awareness of community participants. It is brought about by teamwork, educational entertainment and the participation of other members, and groups and associations to help inspire revolutionize a change. Community mobilization is based on 3 key concepts: Social capital, empowerment, and social change. [17]
Effectiveness
A systematic review by Secker-Walker et al., of community interventions to reduce the prevalence of smoking shows the effectiveness of community-based health promotion initiatives. A favorable outcome was suggested as a significant change in smoking behavior, being either lower prevalence, reduced cigarette consumption per capita or an increase in smoking cessation rate. Of the studies, 23 (62%) suggested at least one favorable outcome with relation to smoking change, whilst 14 studies (38%), showed no marked difference. Where the community was the unit of assignment and analysis, 5 of the 8 studies (62.5%) reported a positive change in smoking behavior. In the remaining studies, where the individual was the unit of analysis, hence with a reduced significance level, 18 out of 29 studies (62%) showed at least one favorable outcome with relation to smoking behavioral outcome. This systematic review concluded that community health promotion methods were more effective than other methods of smoking prevention. [18]
Community mobilization methods are essential in the field of health promotion. Empowering communities to bring about change in their own social domains is not only more sustainable but however, is also extremely effective.
Social marketing
Kotler and Zaltman coined the term "social marketing" using it in an article evaluating the application of commercial marketing principles. [19] The social marketing is the systematic application of principles and techniques of marketing to create, communicate, and deliver value in order to influence a target audience to achieve specific behavioral goals, for social good. [20] It is best described as a behavioral approach that helps to create a long-term sustainable impact upon the choices of people. Social marketing draws on and incorporates the use of behavioral theory.
Effectiveness
Despite many challenges, the evidence for the effectiveness of social marketing interventions does exist and is growing. The project 16 incorporates social marketing method for reducing both illegal sales of tobacco and youth tobacco use showed a significant effect on lowering the smoking prevalence. [21] In a review by Gordon et al., 18 out of 21 studies examined short-term impact (up to 1-year) of social marketing intervention on smoking prevention. Thirteen studies demonstrated the significant positive effects. [22] The Sunderland project was based on social marketing strategy for increasing the uptake of smoking cessation services and quit rate among pregnant women in Sunderland. The intervention primarily includes the design and pretesting of new marketing/information material and consumer friendly cessation support. There was a significant impact of project and there was a 10-fold increase in the smoking quitting or setting a date for quitting smoking among pregnant women as compared to neighboring primary-care trusts which did not apply similar social marketing approach. [23]
A meta-analysis of the efficacy of SMS text message interventions for smoking cessation showed that smoking quit rates for the text messaging intervention group were 35% higher compared to the control group quits rates. Results also suggest that SMS text messaging may be a promising way to improve smoking cessation outcomes. [24]
The social marketing interventions should always be adapted according to local needs and contexts. There is a need for integrating specific vertical and horizontal interventions with social marketing to make it more sustainable and effective.
Motivational interviewing
Motivational interviewing (MI) defined as a client-centered, directive approach to stimulate the positive behavior change and resolve ambivalence. [25] The important guiding principles of MI are expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing discrepancy and rolling with resistance. It primarily derived from social psychology, cognitive dissonance, self-efficacy, and empathic processes. Various forms of MI are Motivational Enhancement Therapy, Brief MI (BMI), and telephone consultation.
Effectiveness
MI has been used successfully for smoking cessation. Glasgow et al., demonstrated the effectiveness of a BMI-based intervention given by clinical staff versus advice to quit smoking among 1154 women attending planned-parenthood clinics. There were a higher 7-day abstinence rates in the MI intervention group at 6 weeks (10.2% vs. 6.9%). The MI intervention group showed a significant reduction in a number of cigarettes smoked at both 6 weeks and 6 months. [26] The relatively brief training of staffs for MI and low rate of completion for follow-up telephone calls were a limitation of this study. Valanis et al., found a significant impact of MI intervention for women attending prenatal clinics on self-reported quitting rates both during pregnancy and 6-12 months after delivery. [27] In another study, 536 smokers from 21 clinical practices were randomized to receive either MI or brief advice to quit smoking from their general practitioner showed a significant effect on smoking cessation. [28] Meta-analysis of MI versus brief advice or usual care yielded a modest but significant increase in quitting. Subgroup analyzes demonstrated that the MI intervention was more effective when administered by primary-care physicians and by counselors, and when it was conducted in longer sessions (more than 20 min per session). [29] Recently conducted systematic review of RCTs in which MI used for smoking cessation showed that MI versus brief advice or usual care yielded a modest but significant increase in quitting (risk ratio: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.16-1.36; 28 studies; n = 16,803). [30]
MI appears to have broad application to behavioral medicine. Although the initial outcome studies have produced mixed results, MI appears to have potential efficacy. Further research studies required to address the numerous questions regarding how MI works in different conditions and individuals and which health professionals are best able to deliver MI with fidelity.
Mass media campaigns
Mass media campaigns are widely used to expose the population to messages through television, radio, and newspapers. Such campaigns can produce positive or negative changes in health-related behavior in populations and is a useful method for raising an issue and encouraging debate. [31] The mass media campaign approach based on the theories of the social influences or social learning theory.
Effectiveness
It has been suggested that the mass media is particularly appropriate for delivering antismoking messages to young people because they are more exposed to the media. In the interventional review of studies for assessing smoking behavior by Brinn et al., investigated the effect of a mass media prevention effort directed at young people <25 years using a parallel group RCT or controlled clinical trial design. [31] Three studies were associated with a reduction in smoking outcomes. One study found a statistically significant decrease in smoking uptake by girls (with net increase of 8.6% in Intervention County vs. 12.4% in the control) and a nonsignificant trend in boys at 3-year follow-up (6.8-10.5%). In an another study, impact compared between school based programs with mass media and school based intervention alone, showed a significant effect of combined intervention as compared to school alone. The results reported in all seven studies tended to be based on outcome data relating to a sub-sample of participants rather than on the basis of allocation to groups. Evaluation of effectiveness on the basis of data provided by those participants available at follow-up is likely to be biased. [32]
Bala et al., assessed the effectiveness of mass media interventions in reducing smoking among the adults through systematic review has shown that the comprehensive tobacco control programs which include the mass media campaigns can be effective in changing smoking behavior in adults. The intensity and duration of campaigns may influence effectiveness. [33]
Mass media campaigns should be included as a key component of approaches to improve population health behavior. Careful planning and testing with target audiences is crucial. Emphasis should be placed on the involvement of small groups of representative samples at whom the campaign is directed. Such groups can also be involved in message development.
Setting based approach
The emergence of the settings approach has been attributed to the Ottawa Charter's assertion that, "health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love." [34] Settings for health are defined as "the place for social context in which the people engage in daily activities in which environmental organizational and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing." [35] A settings approach is built upon the principles of health promotion, in a holistic manner, and as a process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.
Effectiveness
The workplace has potential as a setting through which the large groups of people can be reached to encourage the smoking cessation. Cahill et al., conducted an interventional review of 51 studies covering 53 interventions. They found 37 studies of workplace interventions aimed at individual workers, covering group therapy, individual counseling, self-help materials, nicotine replacement therapy, and social support. Group programs, individual counseling, and nicotine replacement therapy increased cessation rates in comparison to no treatment or minimal intervention controls. Self-help materials were less effective. They also found 16 studies testing interventions applied to the workplace as a whole and found the settings based approach is more effective than other interventions. [36] But overall, there was a lack of evidence that comprehensive programs reduced the prevalence of smoking. Incentive schemes increased the attempts to stop smoking though there was less evidence that they increased the rate of actual quitting. They failed to detect an effect of comprehensive programs in reducing the prevalence of smoking.
The better understanding of health promoting setting among various actors, politicians, and well as workers is essential for the efficient implementation of setting based health promotion methods. There is a need to understand the implementation process and the importance of carrying out systematic evaluations for sustainable, healthy settings.
| Conclusions | | |
Health promotional interventions for prevention and cessation of smoking are thought to involve a three-tiered approach. Reaching the mass public by social marketing and mass media interventions, reaching the individual by MI, peer education, whilst approaching the community via community mobilization and changing the environment by media advocacy and setting based intervention seems to be an extremely effective method of inducing smoking prevention and cessation. These methods incorporate the principles of inducing change at an individual level, a change in social norms in the community and socio-political efforts to promote the health of the population. It would be more effective to implement the interventions focusing on social attitudinal and environmental changes before trying to focus on individual behavioral change, which is difficult to bring about. Foundation for multiple interventions can only be developed with innovative approaches to work with the population at different levels. In the past years, we have learned how to engage the population and various stakeholders for developing effective and sustainable partnership for health promotion. Population capacity to address change and readiness are the key factors influences effective health promotion efforts for smoking prevention and cessation.
| Acknowledgements | | |
"This work was supported by a Welcome Trust Capacity Strengthening Strategic Award to the Public Health Foundation of India and a consortium of UK universities."
Note: MG is an alumnus of AIIMS, New Delhi; London School of Economics; and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
| References | | |
| 1. | Rigotti NA. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory disease : e0 xisting treatments and future directions. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:241-50.  |
| 2. | World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER Package. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. |
| 3. | US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of Smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004. |
| 4. | Reddy KS, Gupta PC. Tobacco control in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2004. |
| 5. | Medley A, Kennedy C, O'Reilly K, Sweat M. Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention in developing countries : a0 systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Educ Prev 2009;21:181-206. |
| 6. | Campbell R, Starkey F, Holliday J, Audrey S, Bloor M, Parry-Langdon N, et al. An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST) : a0 cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371:1595-602. |
| 7. | Uthman O, Yahaya I, Pennant M, Bayliss S, Aveyard P, Jit M, et al. School-based interventions to prevent the uptake of smoking among children and young people: Effectiveness review. England: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); 2009. |
| 8. | Resnicow K, Reddy SP, James S, Gabebodeen Omardien R, Kambaran NS, Langner HG, et al. Comparison of two school-based smoking prevention programs among South African high school students : r0 esults of a randomized trial. Ann Behav Med 2008;36:231-43. |
| 9. | Prince F. The relative effectiveness of a peer-led and adult-led smoking intervention program. Adolescence 1995;30:187-94. |
| 10. | Mbizvo E. Theatre - A force for health promotion. Lancet 2006;368:S30-1. |
| 11. | Lasic S, Kenny L. Theatre and peer education: An innovative approach to health promotion. Aust J Prim Health 2002;8:87-93. |
| 12. | Thrush D, Fife-Schawa C, Breakwell G. Evaluation of interventions to reduce smoking: An evaluation of two school-based interventions to reduce smoking prevalence among 8-13 year olds. Swiss J Psychol 1999;58:85-100. |
| 13. | Perry CL, Komro KA, Dudovitz B, Veblen-Mortenson S, Jeddeloh R, Koele R, et al. An evaluation of a theatre production to encourage non-smoking among elementary age children: 2 Smart 2 Smoke. Tob Control 1999;8:169-74. |
| 14. | Wallack L, Dorfman L. Media advocacy : a0 strategy for advancing policy and promoting health. Health Educ Q 1996;23:293-317. |
| 15. | Wildey MB, Woodruff SI, Agro A, Keay KD, Kenney EM, Conway TL. Sustained effects of educating retailers to reduce cigarette sales to minors. Public Health Rep 1995;110:625-9. |
| 16. | Niederdeppe J, Farrelly MC, Wenter D. Media advocacy, tobacco control policy change and teen smoking in Florida. Tob Control 2007;16:47-52. |
| 17. | Bloch P, Toft U, Reinbach HC, Clausen LT, Mikkelsen BE, Poulsen K, et al. Revitalizing the setting approach - Supersettings for sustainable impact in community health promotion. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014;11:118. |
| 18. | Secker-Walker RH, Gnich W, Platt S, Lancaster T. Community interventions for reducing smoking among adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD001745. |
| 19. | Kotler P, Zaltman G. Social marketing : a0 n approach to planned social change. J Mark 1971;35:3-12. |
| 20. | Smith WA. Social marketing : a0 n overview of approach and effects. Inj Prev 2006;12 Suppl 1:i38-43. |
| 21. | Biglan A, Ary DV, Smolkowski K, Duncan T, Black C. A randomised controlled trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tob Control 2000;9:24-32. |
| 22. | Gordon R, McDermott L, Stead M, Angus K. The effectiveness of social marketing interventions for health improvement : w0 hat's the evidence? Public Health 2006;120:1133-9. |
| 23. | Lowry RJ, Hardy S, Jordan C, Wayman G. Using social marketing to increase recruitment of pregnant smokers to smoking cessation service : a0 success story. Public Health 2004;118:239-43. |
| 24. | Spohr SA, Nandy R, Gandhiraj D, Vemulapalli A, Anne S, Walters ST. Efficacy of SMS text message interventions for smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat 2015;56:1-10. |
| 25. | Miller W. Motivational interviewing with problem drinkers. Behav Psychother 1983;11:147-72. |
| 26. | Glasgow RE, Whitlock EP, Eakin EG, Lichtenstein E. A brief smoking cessation intervention for women in low-income planned parenthood clinics. Am J Public Health 2000;90:786-9. |
| 27. | Valanis B, Lichtenstein E, Mullooly JP, Labuhn K, Brody K, Severson HH, et al. Maternal smoking cessation and relapse prevention during health care visits. Am J Prev Med 2001;20:1-8. |
| 28. | Rollnick S, Butler CC, Kinnersley P, Gregory J, Mash B. Motivational interviewing. BMJ 2010;340:c1900. |
| 29. | Lai DT, Cahill K, Qin Y, Tang JL. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD006936. |
| 30. | Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;3:CD006936. |
| 31. | Brinn MP, Carson KV, Esterman AJ, Chang AB, Smith BJ. Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;11:CD001006. |
| 32. | Carson KV, Brinn MP, Labiszewski NA, Esterman AJ, Chang AB, Smith BJ. Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;7:CD001291. |
| 33. | Bala MM, Strzeszynski L, Topor-Madry R, Cahill K. Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;6:CD004704. |
| 34. | World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 1986. |
| 35. | Smith BJ, Tang KC, Nutbeam D. WHO Health Promotion Glossary : n0 ew terms. Health Promot Int 2006;21:340-5. |
| 36. | Cahill K, Moher M, Lancaster T. Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;4:CD003440. |
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Factors influencing tobacco use behaviour initiation – From the perspective of the capability, opportunity, motivation- behaviour (COM-B) model |
|
| R. Lakshmi, John Romate, Eslavath Rajkumar, Allen Joshua George, Maria Wajid | | Heliyon. 2023; : e16385 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Nudging Interventions on Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in Adults: A Scoping Review of the Literature |
|
| Mario Cesare Nurchis, Marcello Di Pumpo, Alessio Perilli, Giuseppe Greco, Gianfranco Damiani | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3): 1675 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Moving from a reactive to a proactive society: recognizing the role of environmental public health professionals |
|
| Elaine Kong | | Environmental Health Review. 2022; 65(2): 41 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Impact of preoperative smoking on patients undergoing right hemicolectomies for colon cancer |
|
| Sarit Badiani, Jason Diab, Evangeline Woodford, Pragadesh Natarajan, Christophe R. Berney | | Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
An online survey on knowledge, attitude and practice among primary healthcare providers towards smoking cessation in Selangor, Malaysia |
|
| Anusha Manoharan, Wen Ming Koh, Christine Selvaraj, Najwa Aziz, Nazhatussima Suhaili, Noor Diana Ismail, Dalyana Hamid, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy | | Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2022; 15: 101058 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Why are anti-smoking health-information interventions less effective among low-socioeconomic status groups? A systematic scoping review |
|
| Tim Meurs, Feray R. Çoban, Willem Koster, Jeroen Waal, Joost Oude Groeniger | | Drug and Alcohol Review. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Development of a Personalized Tobacco Cessation Intervention Package (PTCIP) for Persons with Schizophrenia in India |
|
| Banu Manickam Rajalu, Deepak Jayarajan, Krishna Prasad Muliyala, Priyamvada Sharma, Sailaxmi Gandhi, Prabhat Kumar Chand | | Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2022; : 0253717622 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Prevalence of tobacco consumption and the associated factors among the adults in an urban slum: Findings from the WHO STEPwise survey |
|
| Shama Razzaq, Muhammad Luqman Nagi, Unsa Athar, Tahseen Kazmi, Thamer Alslamah, Sana Naz, Adil Abalkhail | | Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2022; 20(October): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
The prevalence and associated factors of shisha use among
smokers attending three primary healthcare centers in Qatar,
2020 |
|
| Mostafa Rashed, Mohamed Chehab, Nagah Selim, Khalid Alkarbi, Mohamed Iheb Bougmiza | | Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2022; 8(September): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Internet-Based Intervention Compared to Brief Intervention for Smoking Cessation in Brazil: Pilot Study |
|
| Nathalia Munck Machado, Henrique Pinto Gomide, Heder Soares Bernardino, Telmo Mota Ronzani | | JMIR Formative Research. 2022; 6(11): e30327 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility |
|
| Mohammed Merzah,Zsigmond Kósa,János Sándor,Shewaye Natae,Péter Pikó,Róza Ádány,Szilvia Fiatal | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6): 3206 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Colorado Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: A Sub-Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study |
|
| Jen Roux, David Rojas-Rueda | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 19(1): 288 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Toward pharmacy-based smoking cessation services in Nigeria: Knowledge, perception and practice of
community pharmacists |
|
| Wuraola Akande-Sholabi,Yusuff Adebisi | | Population Medicine. 2021; 3(January): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Health promotion through youth empowerment to prevent and control smoking behavior: a conceptual paper |
|
| Heni Trisnowati,Djauhar Ismail,Retna Siwi Padmawati | | Health Education. 2021; 121(3): 275 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
When primary care providers and smokers meet: a systematic review and metasynthesis |
|
| Emilie Manolios,Jordan Sibeoni,Maria Teixeira,Anne Révah-Levy,Laurence Verneuil,Ljiljana Jovic | | npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. 2021; 31(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
The effect of interpersonal communication in tobacco control campaigns: A longitudinal mediation analysis of a Ghanaian adolescent population |
|
| Dimitris Karletsos,Paul Hutchinson,Alejandra Leyton,Dominique Meekers | | Preventive Medicine. 2021; 142: 106373 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Age and Sex-Specific Associations in Health Risk Factors for Chronic Disease: Evidence from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (PATH) Cohort |
|
| Vanessa DeClercq,Ellen Sweeney | | Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
A Structure Model of Family Empowerment in Preventing Smoking Initiation among Adolescent: An Empirical Study Conducted in Urban Area of Indonesia |
|
| Muhammad Hafizurrachman,Astrid Novita Haryanto | | Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021; 9(E): 659 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Smoking prevention among youth |
|
| Biljana Kilibarda,Dejana Vukovic | | Medicinski podmladak. 2020; 71(4): 42 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Evaluation of toxicity of aerosols from flavored e-liquids in Sprague–Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study, complemented by transcriptomics analysis |
|
| Jenny Ho,Davide Sciuscio,Ulrike Kogel,Bjoern Titz,Patrice Leroy,Gregory Vuillaume,Marja Talikka,Elyette Martin,Pavel Pospisil,Stefan Lebrun,Wenhao Xia,Tom Lee,Yun Xuan Chng,Blaine W. Phillips,Emilija Veljkovic,Emmanuel Guedj,Yang Xiang,Nikolai V. Ivanov,Manuel C. Peitsch,Julia Hoeng,Patrick Vanscheeuwijck | | Archives of Toxicology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Korean male active smokers: quantifying their smoking habits and the transformation factor among biomarkers in urine and blood |
|
| Jiyeon Yang,Shervin Hashemi,Wonseok Han,Chaelin Lee,Younseok Kang,Youngwook Lim | | Biomarkers. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Get with the guidelines: management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in emergency departments in Europe and Australasia is sub-optimal |
|
| Anne-Maree Kelly, Oene Van Meer, Gerben Keijzers, Justina Motiejunaite, Peter Jones, Richard Body, Simon Craig, Mehmet Karamercan, Sharon Klim, Veli-Pekka Harjola, Franck Verschuren, Anna Holdgate, Michael Christ, Adela Golea, Colin A. Graham, Jean Capsec, Cinzia Barletta, Luis Garcia-Castrillo, Win S. Kuan, Said Laribi, Richard McNulty, Clifford Tan, David Lord Cowell, Anna Holdgate, Nitin Jain, Tracey Devillecourt, Alan Forrester, Kendall Lee, Dane Chalkley, Mark Gillett, Lydia Lozzi, Stephen Asha, Martin Duffy, Gina Watkins, Richard Stone, David Rosengren, Jae Thone, Shane Martin, Ulrich Orda, Ogilvie Thom, Frances Kinnear, Rob Eley, Alison Ryan, Douglas Morel, Christopher May, Jeremy Furyk, Graeme Thomson, Simon Smith, Richard Smith, Andrew Maclean, Michelle Grummisch, Alistair Meyer, Robert Meek, Pamela Rosengarten, Barry Chan, Helen Haythorne, Peter Archer, Simon Craig, Kathryn Wilson, Jonathan Knott, Peter Ritchie, Michael Bryant, Stephen MacDonald, Tom Lee, Mlungisi Mahlangu, D | | Internal Medicine Journal. 2020; 50(2): 200 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Developing a framework for youth empowerment to prevent smoking behavior in a rural setting: study protocol for a participatory action research |
|
| Heni Trisnowati,Djauhar Ismail,Retna Siwi Padmawati,Adi Utarini | | Health Education. 2020; 121(1): 30 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Patterns and related factors of bidi smoking in India |
|
| Lazarous Mbulo,Krishna Palipudi,Tenecia Smith,Shaoman Yin,Vineet Munish,Dhirendra Sinha,Prakash Gupta,Leimapokpam Swasticharan | | Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2020; 6(May) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Preliminary Outcomes of a Digital Therapeutic Intervention for Smoking Cessation in Adult Smokers: Randomized Controlled Trial |
|
| Jamie Webb,Sarrah Peerbux,Peter Smittenaar,Sarim Siddiqui,Yusuf Sherwani,Maroof Ahmed,Hannah MacRae,Hannah Puri,Sangita Bhalla,Azeem Majeed | | JMIR Mental Health. 2020; 7(10): e22833 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Inadequate Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Second-Hand Smoke among Non-Smoking Pregnant Women in Urban Vietnam: The Need for Health Literacy Reinforcement |
|
| Giap Van Vu,Chau Quy Ngo,Phuong Thu Phan,Lan Phuong Thi Doan,Toan Thi Nguyen,Mai Hong Nguyen,Diep Ngoc Nguyen,Nguyen Thao Thi Nguyen,Huong Lan Thi Nguyen,Chi Linh Hoang,Linh Gia Vu,Carl A. Latkin,Bach Xuan Tran,Roger C. M. Ho,Cyrus S. H. Ho | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10): 3744 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Consumo de tabaco en adultos y cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Costa Rica en 2015 |
|
| Azálea Espinoza Aguirre,Federico Ugalde Montero,Roberto Castro Córdoba,Mónica Quesada Madrigal | | Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2019; 43: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Aging Well: Using Precision to Drive Down Costs and Increase Health Quality |
|
| | | Advances in Geriatric Medicine and Research. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990–2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017 |
|
| Saeid Safiri,Ali Asghar Kolahi,Damian Hoy,Emma Smith,Deepti Bettampadi,Mohammad Ali Mansournia,Amir Almasi-Hashiani,Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Mostafa Qorbani,Gary Collins,Anthony D Woolf,Lyn March,Marita Cross | | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2019; 78(11): 1463 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Mortality From Ischemic Heart Disease |
|
| Alexandra N. Nowbar,Mauro Gitto,James P. Howard,Darrel P. Francis,Rasha Al-Lamee | | Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2019; 12(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Innovations in parental smoking cessation assistance delivered in the child healthcare setting |
|
| Emara Nabi-Burza,Jonathan P Winickoff,Jeremy E Drehmer,Julie A Gorzkowski,Jonathan D Klein,Douglas E Levy,Deborah J Ossip,Susan Regan,Nancy A Rigotti,Bethany Hipple Walters | | Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Strategies and Design of Hypnosis Intervention for Tobacco Cessation |
|
| Mary Herring | | American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 2019; 61(4): 345 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Prevalence and co-occurrence of unhealthy lifestyle habits and behaviours among secondary school students in Tuscany, central Italy |
|
| V. Millarini,S. Caini,A. Allamani,I. Ermini,A. Querci,G. Masala,S. Fabbri | | Public Health. 2019; 166: 89 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
A randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of a peer-based social mobile game intervention to reduce smoking in youth |
|
| Hanneke Scholten,Maartje Luijten,Isabela Granic | | Development and Psychopathology. 2019; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Risk profile of myocardial infarction in young versus older adults |
|
| Mona A. Abed,Nidal F. Eshah,Debra K. Moser | | Heart & Lung. 2018; 47(3): 226 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Tobacco Smoking, Lung Cancer, and Therapy in Iraq: Current Perspective |
|
| Buthainah A. Ibrahim,Saif Al-Humaish,Mohammed A. I. Al-Obaide | | Frontiers in Public Health. 2018; 6 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Tobacco use and its determinants in the 2015 Kenya WHO STEPS survey |
|
| Christine Ngaruiya,Hussein Abubakar,Dorcas Kiptui,Ann Kendagor,Melau W Ntakuka,Philip Nyakundi,Gladwell Gathecha | | BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(S3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
A WHO-HPH operational program versus usual routines for implementing clinical health promotion: an RCT in health promoting hospitals (HPH) |
|
| Jeff Kirk Svane,Shu-Ti Chiou,Oliver Groene,Milena Kalvachova,Mirna Zagrajski Brkic,Isao Fukuba,Tiiu Härm,Jerneja Farkas,Yen Ang,Mikkel Řsterheden Andersen,Hanne Třnnesen | | Implementation Science. 2018; 13(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Managing Epstein-Barr virus and other risk factors in MS-Future perspectives |
|
| P. Sundström | | Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2017; 136: 31 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for